GLOBALIZATION ( DS QN NO 16)

 This work is going to explain issues concern to globalization especially to the developing countries. Also this work divided into three major parts which are introduction, main body and conclusion. In introduction posses different meaning of globalization from different stuff, type of globalization and also some examples of developing countries .Also in main body is going to show some threats posed by globalization to the developing countries and some practical measure should taken to survive in this era of globalization and conclusion show emphasize to those measure taken.

According to World Health Organization, globalization can be defined as the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of people and countries. It is generally understood to include two inter related elements, the opening of international borders to increasingly fast flow of goods, services, finance, people, ideas and the changes in institution and policies at national and international level that facilitate or promote such flow.

According to Peterson Institute for International Economics, globalization is the word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world economic, cultures and populations brought about by cross borders trade in goods and services technology and flow of investment, people and information. Countries have built economics partnership to facilitate this movement over many centuries.

According to Wikipedia, globalization is the process of interaction and integration among peoples, companies and government worldwide. The term globalization first appeared in the early 20th century and come into popular use in the 1990’s to describe the unprecedented international connectivity of the post Cold World War. Its origin can be traced back to 18th and 19th centuries due to advances in transport and communications technology. In 2000, the International Monetary Fund identified four basic aspects of globalization which are trade and transactions, capital and investment movements, migration and movement of people, and dissemination of knowledge. Academic literature commonly divides globalization into three major areas as economic globalization, cultural globalization and political globalization.

Officially globalization is the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale. More simply globalization allows people, goods, services, ideas, language, information and commodities to flow across national borders all the times. The effect of globalization is that the world is becoming increasingly as we all become more and more connected. Examples of developing countries are those found on the southern hemisphere like Latin America, Africa and some in Asia.

Also globalization posed different threats to the developing countries in almost all aspect of life means socially, politically, economically and technologically. Some of those are the following.

Environmental degradation, sadly environment also suffers from negative effect of globalization. As great as increased flow of goods and knowledge people tend to operate different business activities adversely that affect the environment. Global transportation networks increased marks demand means more use of fuel contributing to higher exertion of green house gases from the planes, ship and truck which are very harmful for atmosphere and affect ecosystem because those gases lead to the depletion of ozone layer thus increase of solar radiation and also acidic rain, also the development of infrastructure lead to issues including habitat loss and pollution. For example the ships that make voyages through Indian Ocean in Africa have great chance for oil spills or leaks that destroy the delicate marine environment.

Workers exploitation, many companies in developed countries import their production and some of their services to the developing countries while this has generally been good for local economies in developing countries but local workers exposed to high degree of exploitation .Organization like ILO have been working to set international standards to protect workers everywhere but this is difficult in developing countries because  different activities established like industries and construction of infrastructure mainly need for people who will work on but those people subjected to high exploitation because they subjected to poor working condition, long working condition and low wages. For example a lot of industries established in African countries such as Uganda, Tanzania and Congo many of their laborers are subjected to long working hours to bachelor wages which couldn’t satisfies their demand.

Job loss/Unemployment, most of the discussed threat posed by globalization in developing countries particularly the case of developed countries such as the USA, China and Italy where many services and unskilled laborers have been outsourced to developing countries. Many locals have lost their jobs and forced to accept lesser wages and poor working condition. Globalization lead to unemployment because a lot of work are done by machines and replaced manual laborers, thus many become jobless and start to engage in illegal activities such as prostitution and robbery. For example in Africa especially Guinea before globalization where were handcraft industries in which people produce goods and services like clothes and bags but after globalization those industries are replaced by the modern ones.

Also there some measures should be taken by those developing countries so as to survive in this era of globalization as follows.

By providing education, developing countries have to make their people aware concern about all issues of globalization mainly its causes and effect to them. Also government and other institution have to make better on provision of apprenticeships, career training also about less rigid laborers markets, all these will make people aware especially exploitation done to them. Also education system in developing countries like Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania should be changed from irrelevant to relevant education so as to rescue them self in this era of globalization.

Formulation of good policies, it is very essential in developing countries to formulate strong policies especially in economic sectors in order to take away importation of goods from abroad. Example liberalization of trade and investment policies has helped the globalization process by making foreign trade and investment easier, recently several developing countries had placed barriers and restrictions on imports and investment from abroad to protect domestic market and production. Examples many regional integration are formed like EAC, COMESA and also SADC.

Government support to local scientist, also it is very imperative to developing countries to provide maximum supports to those local scientist in order to innovate different ideas which could be suitable to that particular country and this will discourage over dependence of foreign  technologies which easier the development of globalization. Government and other organization have to establish different competition so as to rises talents of the young scientist and also train them abroad to acquire more and advanced knowledge which could be suitable for development and surviving out of globalization.

Generally, the issue of globalization become discussed all over the world due to it is causes, effect and spread out the globe especially to the developing countries so it is imperative to those developing countries to some consensus in order to survive in this era of globalization mainly against it is negative effect.

REFERENCES

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Rodrik, Dani. (1997). Has Globalization Gone Too Far? Washington; Peterson Institute of                    International Economics.

Albrow, Martin; King, Elizabeth (1990). Globalization, knowledge and society.London;Sage 

Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban, Diana Beltekian. (2018). Trade and Globalization. Our World in Data. Org (accessed on November 7, 2018).

James,Paul; Steger, Manfred B.(2014). “A Genealogy of globalization; The career of a concept”Globalization.11 (4); 417-34.

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